Force: An action that changes motion or shape of an object
its unit of measurement is Newton / N. F=mass X Acceleration =m x A
1 Newton is force applied on object with 1 kg mass with acceleration of 1 m/sec2
Acceleration: Acceleration is how fast something's speed is changing. change in velocity with respect to time.
a = change in velocity/ time
if objects speed increases at 0 sec 0 m/s,
at 1 sec 1 m/s
at 2 sec 2 m/s and so on
so the acceleration is 1 m/sec2
eg.2 If a car speeds up from 0 to 20 m/s in 4 seconds:
a=20−04=5 m/s2a = \frac{20 - 0}{4} = 5 \, \text{m/s}^2a=420−0=5m/s2
it means the car's speed increases by 5 m/s every second.
Pressure: Force applied per unit area P= F/A
psi means pound per square inches
kg/cm2
Kinematic Viscosity: internal resistance to flow under the influence of gravity. it describes how fast a fluid flows when influenced by gravity kinematic viscosity ν= μ/ ρ ρ-density, μ- dynamic viscosity
Critical pressure is the minimum pressure needed to turn a gas into a liquid at a special temperature called its "critical temperature". If the temperature is above this critical temperature, no matter how much pressure you add, the gas will never become a liquid—it will stay as a supercritical fluid where liquid and gas look the same
Critical pressure tells us the limit for condensing gases by pressure alone. Above the critical temperature, adding pressure won’t make the gas become a liquid.
Critical temperature is the highest temperature at which a liquid can exist.
example:
Water’s critical temperature: About 374°C (705°F).
Below this, you can turn steam (gas) back into liquid water by applying enough pressure.
Above 374°C, extra pressure won’t work—steam can’t be made liquid anymore.
Newtonian liquid is a fluid whose viscosity remains constant regardless of the rate of shear (how fast it is stirred or deformed). like Hydraulics Examples of Newtonian liquids: water, air, mineral oil, and thin oils.
Piping geometry factor (Fp) is a correction factor used in control valve sizing calculations to account for the effects of piping fittings directly connected to the valve, such as reducers, expanders, elbows, or tees.
Valve Style Modifier Fd Different valve types (globe, ball, butterfly, etc.) let fluid flow through them differently even if their openings are the same size. The modifier helps make Cv calculations more accurate by considering these differences.
Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor FF predicts at what pressure drop across a valve the flow will become choked (fully limited by vapor formation), triggering conditions like cavitation or flashing.
in other words FF is how close the internal flow pressures get to vapor formation.
Chocked Flow: Fluid flows from High pressure to low pressure side, but if liquid pressure drops below vapour pressure, liquid will turn into gas bubbles which will require more area as gas molecules are away from each other, so at this point flow will not increase even if downstream pressure is reduced more. This condition is called choked flow
Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor FL describes how much pressure is regained by the fluid as it flows through the valve after passing the point of lowest pressure, known as the vena contracta. higher FL means less pressure recovery and typically lower risk of cavitation.
Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the stream is the least, and the fluid velocity is at its maximum for example fluid coming out of orifice.
Static pressure in a DP (Differential Pressure) transmitter is the common pressure present at both the high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP) sides of the sensor. If the transmitter’s sensor is not strong enough to withstand this high common pressure, the internal diaphragm or electronics can get physically damaged or deformed, causing incorrect readings, calibration errors, or complete failure.
revamp means making changes, upgrades, or improvements to existing units, equipment, or processes to increase capacity, improve efficiency, meet new product specifications, or extend the life of the facility.
Instrumentation & Control Systems: Refers to technologies that measure and control physical variables (temperature, pressure, flow) within industrial processes.
Telecommunication Engineering: The design and management of communication systems including data transmission networks.
Operations, Maintenance, Asset Integrity, HSE:
Operations: Day-to-day functioning of industrial plants.
Maintenance: Activities to keep machinery and systems running.
Asset Integrity: Ensuring equipment reliability and safe operation.
HSE (Health, Safety, Environment): Standards and practices to ensure safe and environmentally responsible operation.
ICT & Cyber Security: Information and Communications Technology including protecting systems and data from cyber threats.
DCS (Distributed Control System): A control system where control functions are distributed throughout the plant with controllers located near sensors and actuators for fast, local processing.
ESD (Emergency Shutdown System): A safety system designed to safely shut down processes in emergency situations.
Fire & Gas Systems: Safety systems detecting fire or gas leaks and initiating alarms or shutdowns.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition): Software systems for monitoring and controlling processes remotely, often across wide areas.
SIL Ratings (Safety Integrity Level): Standards measuring the reliability and risk reduction of safety-related systems.
SIF (Safety Instrumented Function): Specific safety functions implemented to achieve a required SIL.
Field Instrumentation: Sensors and devices installed in the field to measure process variables.
Cabling, Junction Boxes, Panels (Local control, Field HMIs, Marshalling, Control, PLC): Components used to connect, control, and interface with field instruments and controllers.
Transmitters, Detectors, Vibration Probes, Thermowells: Devices to measure pressure, detect hazards, sense vibrations, and protect sensors, respectively.
Fibre Optic Cables, Communication Converters: Used for high-speed, long-distance communication and protocol conversion.
Metering Systems: Systems that measure flow, volume, or other quantities.
Control valves, Loop Checks: Valves controlled by the system; loop checks verify proper signal and control system function.
Modbus: A common communication protocol in industrial networks.
Operator Consoles, PAGA (Public Address and General Alarm), RTU (Remote Terminal Unit), RF, Microwave Radios, Switches, Servers, NTP Servers, GSM Modems: Various communication and control devices used in the field and control centers.
FEED (Front End Engineering Design), EPIC (Engineering, Procurement, Installation, Commissioning): Project phases from detailed design to final construction and startup.
HAZID, ENVID, HAZOP, QRA, FERA: Structured risk assessment methodologies to identify and mitigate hazards.
SIMOPS: Simultaneous Operations, managing multiple overlapping activities safely on-site.
HAZID (Hazard Identification): A high-level, early-phase hazard identification technique used to find potential major hazards across a system or process without needing detailed engineering information. It is broad and qualitative and used early in project stages to highlight risks and necessary mitigations.
ENVID (Environmental Impact Assessment): A study to identify potential environmental hazards and impacts from the project or operation, focusing on minimizing adverse environmental effects and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study): A detailed, systematic examination of processes focusing on deviations from design intent that could lead to hazards or operational issues. It uses guidewords to review process parameters and requires detailed engineering data, typically applied at a mature design stage.
QRA (Quantitative Risk Assessment): A numerical approach to estimate the likelihood and consequences of hazard scenarios. It provides individual and societal risk metrics to evaluate risk against acceptance criteria, supporting regulatory compliance and risk management decisions.
FERA (Fire, Explosion, and Risk Assessment): A specific risk assessment focusing on fire and explosion hazards, evaluating protective measures and requirements such as passive and active fire protection, blast protection, and facility siting. It is often integrated within or alongside QRA.
Accuracy How close a measurement/result is to the true or accepted value Hitting near the bullseye Precision How close repeated measurements/results are to each other (consistency) Darts clustered tightly, even if off-center Accuracy focuses on correctness—how near results are to a reference or true value.
Precision focuses on consistency—how repeatable results are among themselves, not necessarily to the true value.
You weigh an object four times and get 10, 10, 10, and 10 kg: High precision and, if the true value is 10 kg, also high accuracy.
You weigh an object four times and get 7, 7, 7, and 7 kg: High precision, low accuracy (all readings cluster but miss the true value).
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